东昆仑西段黑山构造蛇绿岩带特征

通过对黑山构造蛇绿岩中基性火山岩、基-超基性岩的岩石组合及其岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素等特征研究认为:黑山构造蛇绿岩带是祁漫塔格结合带重要物质组分,是在加里东晚期板块俯冲-碰撞过程中逐渐演化形成的,区域上与那棱格勒构造带相连,是柴达木陆块与东昆北陆块的分界断裂。通过同位素地质年龄研究认为该蛇绿岩形成于南华—奥陶纪,构造就位于志留纪—早中泥盆世。对东昆仑构造演化提供了重要新资料。指出黑山构造蛇绿岩以北的祁漫塔格地区(柴达木陆块)发育与岩浆岩、变质岩有关的铜、钨、钛、铁等与热液、区域变质有关的内生矿产;以南的库木库里盆地发育砂砾岩型铜矿、砂金、石膏和石盐等外生矿产。     

四川盆地南部下三叠统飞仙关组一段台内鲕滩的主控因素

四川盆地飞仙关组台缘鲕滩气田的发现,激励了人们重新认识台内鲕滩的发育分布规律及其勘探前景。根据野外露头及钻孔资料的分析,认为四川盆地南部飞仙关组一段的台内鲕滩具有发育向上变浅序列、单滩体厚度一般小于3m、横向连续性较差的特征。着重分析了沉积期古地貌、古水深、海水动荡程度以及古海平面相对升降变化对台内鲕滩的控制作用,并把滩体的发育阶段分为雏滩期(低速建造期)、滩核期(高建造期)及衰亡期3个阶段。结果表明,在缓慢等效的海退过程中,处于高能沉积界面附近的水下古高地有利于台内鲕滩的形成,继承性的泸州古隆起核部是区内有利的滩体发育区,形成的台内滩体具有一定的厚度规模和较大的分布面积。这一认识可为该区飞仙关组台内鲕滩的下一步勘探提供必要的地质支持。     

Impacts of hydrological conditions on enzyme activities and phenolic concentrations in peatland soil: An experimental simulation

Impacts of hydrological conditions on peatland soil enzyme activities and phenolic concentrations were investigated using peat cores from two typical peatlands, the forest swamp and the marsh in North-east China, under water level manipulation in the laboratory. The results indicated varied impacts of dry and waterlogged conditions on soil enzyme activities, depending on the confounding factors including the peatland types and the variation frequency of hydrological conditions. Carbon-related enzyme activities, phenol oxidase and β-glucosidase, were much higher in the marsh than in the forest swamp. On the contrary, phenolic concentration was measured to be much higher in the latter. Soil enzyme activities and phenolic concentrations were found to vary between the two peatlands, much more remarkably than within the individual peatlands caused by the changes in the water level. The negative relationship or inconspicuous correlation between phenolics and phenol oxidase was found to vary with specific soil conditions. These results implied that the enzyme activities and phenolic concentrations might be related to the developmental stages or the types of wetlands more than to hydrological conditions.     

Impact assessment of the "Grain for Green Project" and discussion on the development models in the mountain-gorge regions

To restore China’s degraded ecological environment, the government has launched an environmental restoration project named the “Grain for Green Project” (GGP) in 1999. From 1999 to 2010, the government will spend 40 billion dollars to convert 147 million ha of croplands and 173 million ha of wastelands into forestlands and grasslands in 25 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. A primary goal is to replace cropping and livestock grazing in fragile areas with trees and grass. Given the tremendous scale and great number of participants in the project, the attitudes of the affected farmers and the future development in the area where GGP is implemented have a direct influence on the success of the project. To gain a clear idea about the farmers’ attitudes towards the project and put forward the development models for the forestlands converted from croplands, two case sites in the mountain-gorge region in Nujiang River are selected as the study areas, and the methods of field survey and semi-structured interview are adopted to make interviews with more than 100 households in 2002 and 2003 in order to quantify the farmers’ opinions about the GGP and how it has affected their livelihood, socio-cultural and industrial structures, etc. The results are as follows: 1) the project has a certain influence on the farmers with better economic basis and exerts greater influence on the farmers living in the low-elevation regions than on those living in the regions with middle-high elevation; 2) the production models of the local farmers has changed from cultivation and animal husbandry to forestry and sidelines due to the project and the income structure has changed from animal husbandry as main income source to state subsidy and sideline as main income sources; 3) the reduction in the grain income and decrease in the quantity of livestock because of the project have led to the diminution in the total income of the farmers; 4) the project has resulted in changes in the lifestyles and architecture styles of the local farmers, and the traditional “huotang” culture has gone away after the implementation of the project; 5) energy utilization has changed from firewood to methane and electricity in the wake of the implementation of the project. The above-mentioned study results have indicated that the GGP has truly exerted influence on the livelihood and production of the local farmers. Therefore, it is very necessary to make a research into the development models in the forestlands converted from croplands to resolve the problems of the farmers’ livelihood and production. The study results will provide some references for the sustainable development of the mountain-gorge regions.     

横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)仔鱼饥饿不可逆点及摄食生长特性研究

横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)为我国东南沿海具有良好发展前景的养殖鱼类,目前亟待突破其规模化苗种培育的瓶颈技术问题。为探究横带髭鲷仔鱼发育阶段的摄食和生长特性,采用实验生态学方法,在水温(24±0.2)℃、盐度为26的条件下对饥饿仔鱼形态发育、生长、不可逆点及投喂状态下的摄食节律进行研究。结果表明,孵化出膜后的初孵仔鱼,3日龄开口摄食,进入混合营养期,3日龄卵黄囊消耗完毕,油球于8日龄消耗完全,混合营养期为5d。饥饿组仔鱼全长呈先增长后下降趋势,拐点出现在3日龄,在4日龄有畸形仔鱼出现。饥饿仔鱼初次摄食率为10.12%,最高初次摄食率出现在7日龄,为85.06%;PNR出现在7日龄和8日龄之间,至9日龄全部死亡。早期仔鱼(7日龄)的摄食高峰出现在7:00、11:00和15:00,晚期仔鱼(14日龄)在7:00、11:00、15:00和19:00四个时间段,摄食高峰均出现在白天,属于典型的白天摄食类型,随着仔鱼的生长发育,摄食高峰有所延长。横带髭鲷仔鱼最佳开口摄食时间在3日龄,掌握仔鱼的摄食高峰期,在此时间段驯化配合饲料,对于活体饵料向配合饲料的驯食转化具有重要实践意义。     

五种双壳贝类贝壳微观结构观察与成分分析

利用扫描电镜技术、X-射线粉末衍射技术和弱酸去钙法, 对菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、厚壳贻贝、泥蚶、缢蛏5种习见海洋经济贝类贝壳的断面微观结构、物相组成、有机基质和蛋白质含量等进行了观察和分析。电镜观察结果显示, 5种贝壳的微观结构主要包含棱柱层和珍珠层; 棱柱层晶体结构有斜棱柱层、球棱柱层、棱柱层、均质层和交错板状层5种类型, 其中缢蛏只有斜棱柱层, 而泥蚶除球棱柱层外, 其他4种晶体类型均存在, 此复杂结构可能与其贝壳强度大有关; 珍珠层晶体结构有珍珠层和肌棱柱层2种类型, 其中厚壳贻贝的珍珠层呈典型的“砖-泥”结构, 具有明显的层状结构, 其余4种贝壳珍珠层均由不规则块状结构组成。X-射线衍射结果显示, 菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、缢蛏和泥蚶4种贝壳都属于文石质壳体, 无机相几乎由文石组成, 而厚壳贻贝属于混合质壳体, 无机相由文石和方解石组成; 贝壳化学成分分析显示, 5种贝壳有机质含量均为3%左右, 而总蛋白含量占有机质的2.98%~7.21%, 其中可溶性蛋白是不可溶蛋白含量的5.55~20.31倍。上述结果为贝壳形成机理的研究积累了基础资料。     

海洋地球工程的研究进展与相关国际法探析

全球气候变化及其引发的负面影响是当今人类面临的最大挑战之一,地球工程因被认为是减缓甚至扭转气候变化的切实可行的方案之一而备受关注。为推动地球工程技术的发展和相关国际法的完善,文章分析海洋施肥、人工上升流、人工海洋碱化、海洋云增白和海底造墙5种海洋地球工程的技术原理、研究进展及其在具体实施中对现行国际法的挑战。研究结果表明:无论是处于理论模拟阶段还是处于实验阶段,上述海洋地球工程技术都显示其减缓气候变化的潜力,同时也存在对海洋环境和人类生活的潜在风险;由于科学的不确定性和国际法的模糊性,各项技术在实际应用中都存在与国际法的冲突或适用问题,但目前从科研实践角度分析具体技术涉及的相关国际法问题的研究较少;虽然应在国际法框架下进行探索性研究,然而目前有关地球工程技术的国际法在理论研究和实践应用中仍存在很多争议。因此,必须加强对地球工程技术的研究,将技术风险降到最低,并在科学探索中做好环境基线研究,完善技术探索的环境影响评估方法;随着旨在减缓气候变化的小规模地球工程研究得到越来越多的支持,更应明确地球工程技术在国际法中的地位,建立合理的法律框架,推进国际法的改进。     

自升式钻井平台桩靴踩脚印应对措施对比研究

基于现有规范与文献研究提出的减小桩靴踩脚印附加响应的相关措施,首先基于耦合欧拉—拉格朗日(CEL)定量分析了传统纺锤形桩靴与新型桩靴在不同工况条件下插桩时桩靴地基土体相互作用机制,明确了最不利桩靴踩脚印工况时的插桩偏心距与桩坑深度。基于该最不利工况条件,对比分析了新型六孔莲蓬形桩靴、试踩法与地基钻孔法3种桩靴踩脚印应对措施的适用性与有效性。结果表明,相较于传统纺锤形桩靴,采用六孔莲蓬形桩靴使桩靴倾斜角与桩腿偏移距分别降低了33.13%和48.26%,说明结构在位稳定性更高。此外,通过对比分析得出,采用最佳设置方式进行试踩与钻孔处理后再进行桩靴贯入时,桩靴受到的水平滑动力峰值与桩腿RP₁处弯矩峰值相较于未处理时分别降低了29.47%、29.17%、34.7%、37.7%。可见,3种应对措施均能有效降低桩靴踩脚印后产生的不利影响,提高桩靴结构的在位稳定性。以最终减小不利附加响应程度作为评定标准：地基钻孔法>新型六孔莲蓬形桩靴>试踩法,由于地基钻孔法与试踩法均需增设额外机械设备及施工工序,大幅提高了工程造价,因此,在实际工程中,需要根据实际情况恰当选择应对措施。研究成果可为实际工程中应对桩靴踩脚印工况响应提供一定参考与借鉴。     

基于指标体系法的海湾生态系统健康评价方法——以莱州湾为例

海湾生态系统在维持能量流动、物质循环、生物群落稳定和生态系统平衡等方面发挥重要作用。文章基于2011-2020年夏季监测数据,选取水环境、沉积环境、生物群落、初级生产力和生态灾害5类指标,通过层次分析法与专家咨询法相结合的方式确定指标权重,基于指标体系法构建莱州湾生态系统健康评价指标体系。评价结果表明：莱州湾近岸海域生态系统长期处于亚健康状态,主要影响指标为水环境和生物群落;生态系统健康评价结果与现行《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》基本一致,但本方法能够识别溢油和台风等极端事件对生态系统造成的不利影响,较传统方法更为灵敏;区间型指标和环境容许值的引入可避免监测数据“劣势掩盖”“信息漏缺”以及极限监测值对评价结果的放大问题。     

基于中医传承辅助系统的中药灌肠治疗肛窦炎用药规律研究

目的：基于中医传承辅助平台研究中药灌肠治疗肛窦炎的用药规律。方法：检索从建库至2020年10月中国知网、万方数据库发表的中药灌肠治疗肛窦炎的文献,筛选相关处方,将方剂通过中医传承辅助系统进行统计,分析药物使用频次、四气五味、归经,基于关联规则分析组方规律。结果：纳入71首有效处方,包含114味中药。高频药物排前8位的分别是：黄柏、黄连、苦参、蒲公英、甘草、大黄、金银花、赤芍。药物归经以肝、胃经为主,四气中以寒性药为主,五味中以苦味药为主。得到18对常用药对,排前5位的是：黄柏-苦参、黄柏-蒲公英、黄连-黄柏、黄柏-大黄、黄柏-赤芍。得到核心药物组合10组,新处方5首。结论：中药灌肠治疗肛窦炎的药物以清热药为主,佐以止血、化瘀、消肿、祛风、通络等药。